Want to avoid premature wrinkles? Drink plenty of water, wear sunscreen, don’t smoke, never frown or knit your brow, and try to limit your time in outer space.
Astronauts’ skin takes quite a beating, even without gravity to weigh it down. In fact, spacefarers say they tend to get dry, flaky, and thin skin, depleted of natural oils that keep cells plump. Yet the downsides of spaceflight, which alters gene behavior and seems to speed up the aging process, could be a key for dermatological researchers, unlocking mysteries behind old-age-related skin problems.
The unique environment in orbit has caught the attention of Colgate-Palmolive, the toothpaste giant with a newly expanded skincare division. The company is about to use the International Space Station as a test-bed for skin research, following its recent use of the space lab for an oral health study. The space station is a taxpayer-funded national laboratory, so NASA regularly invites research collaborations with private businesses.
Human skin tissue culture plates will launch aboard Northrop Grumman’s Cygnus spacecraft on an Antares rocket from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility on Feb. 19. The specimens, cells from a single donor, will be included on a supply craft containing 8,200 pounds of research materials and crew provisions. If all goes well, the spacecraft will reach the station on Feb. 21.
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Colgate, the parent company for Filorga Cosmetics, Elta MD, and PCA Skin, wants to study the molecule and cell-level changes underlying skin deterioration in samples exposed to the space station’s microgravity, said Lia Arvantitidou, the company’s vice president of personal care and skin research and development.
An experiment using the same samples will run simultaneously on the ground. Differences in molecular patterns between the tissues could reveal clues about the biological mechanisms happening when our bodies naturally repair skin.
“We believe that the findings will help us better identify areas for early intervention in skin health and ultimately help guide the development of groundbreaking skincare innovations across all of Colgate-Palmolive skincare brands,” she said during a NASA call with reporters on Feb. 10.
So how did Colgate convince NASA to devote time, lab space, and crew to a study that may yield more wrinkle creams?
Credit: NASA
Healthy skin helps regulate body temperature and serves as a protective barrier against infection — critical functions for enduring lengthy deep space missions. And while anti-aging skin treatments might sound like a voyage to the Fountain of Youth — or perhaps the next Botox or face filler — Colgate representatives say thin, fragile skin among elderly people on Earth makes them more susceptible to cuts and bruises and less able to heal from flesh wounds.
“Any loss of functional or structural stability in skin is a potential source of other health problems as well,” Colgate said in a NASA experiment overview. In other words, dermatological problems aren’t merely skin-deep issues.
NASA has long-known the weak gravity at the space station is a stressful environment for bodies. Skin damage is a normal part of life on Earth that happens slowly over decades. But a stint in orbit seems to be a hyper-drive for the aging process.
Credit: Dimitris66 / Getty Images
A previous three-month space station experiment involving a small sample of mice found the rodents experienced a 15 percent loss of skin thickness and a 42 percent increase in newly forming collagen, a protein in skin’s connective tissue, according to a 2015 study published in Nature. Researchers believed the rise was due to a higher breakdown and turnover rate of the substance, which gives skin its structural support.
Astronauts are limited in their capacity to maintain hygiene the same way they can on Earth. The space station crew use wet wipes to bathe and dry shampoo to cleanse their hair. There are no washing machines to launder clothes. These factors also contribute to more frequent skin complications, according to a recent scientific literature review in Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.
“Any loss of functional or structural stability in skin is a potential source of other health problems as well.”
The skin conditions space station crew have experienced over the years include psoriasis (scaly rash); nails coming off; dermatitis (skin irritation); hypersensitivities; hair follicle inflammation; fungal, viral, and bacterial infections; delayed wound healing; frostbite; and skin cancer. NASA found 33 cases of basal and squamous cell carcinomas, two common types of skin cancer, among 312 astronauts, compared to 27 cases among 912 earthbound control subjects. That amounts to an almost threefold elevated rate among the astronauts, according to the same paper.
Colgate’s samples will consist of human skin cells on a porous surface to mimic the 3D organization of skin tissue. Seven days after scientists have grown the skin, the plates will arrive at the space station. Tissue sets will be frozen after different time intervals of exposure to the weak gravity in space. Then, they’ll be stored at -112 degrees Fahrenheit until scientists can study the samples after their spaceflight.
“What we anticipate is to see earlier and more dramatic signs of tissue damage and perhaps activation of skin-repair mechanisms in the tissue under microgravity,” Arvantitidou said. “And also, we’re hoping that we will see different genes change.”
